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Very important conclusions of the organization groups:

Long-term soil fertility

IFOAM reiterated that, in organic agriculture, the organisational principles of “feeding” the soil were far more important than the
use of inputs per se (external/internal, natural/synthetic). Examples of organisational systems include avoiding excess and
mining of nutrients, unlocking nutrients from lower levels of the soil and different rooting systems. As such, organic agriculture is
more concerned with processes than individual elements.

The group recognised that a strictly closed nutrient and energy system was not possible. Organic agriculture aims at optimising
flows in “nearly” closed-systems.

The group acknowledged that the starting point for soil fertility management should remain flexible. In poor and depleted soils,
there will be need to amend the soil above minimum levels of NPK and micro-elements, and eventually to balance pH. In tropical
conditions, nutrient management involves enhancing processes that mobilise available nutrients and  induce slow mineralization.

IFOAM recognised that there are less problems in sourcing nitrogen and potassium than sourcing phosphate and micro-
nutrients. Where losses existed via exports from the farming system, phosphate and potassium will need to be supplemented (e.
g. bone meal). Under special site conditions, synthetic phosphate can be used while remaining under the organic agriculture
banner.
The group recognised that while organic matter could be easily maintained in temperate regions, it was rapidly depleted in
tropical soils. Tropical soils, however, can be managed in a way that enhances and maintains their organic content by:  
amending soil with organic matter, creating sufficient shade, or low tillage. For this end, burning organic matter should be
avoided.

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It was, however, noted that limited needs for external
inputs in organic agriculture were favourable for food
security because they reduce dependency on external
inputs and factors. The difficulty of access to synthetic
agricultural inputs in many places is the main trigger to
conversion to organic systems. It was recognized that
many traditional farms fulfil organic agriculture
standards by “default” because they do not have access
to synthetic inputs. Even in these cases, they are
considered as organic.
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Research

The group identified the following research gaps as
critical for the advancement of organic agriculture:
improved local crop varieties; evaluation of organic
agriculture performance in extreme situations;
identification of the factors (e.g. subsidies and tariff,
non-tariff and other barriers) that keep organic pest
management and integrated pest management
non-feasible in developed countries; selection and
elaboration of best management systems which are
acceptable in developing countries; and fertiliser
quality control, including those allowed in organic
agriculture.

A general evaluation of the potential of organic
agriculture for responding to world food needs is
important to make estimates on the return of
investment in related research and development.
This information is not only useful to policy decisions
but to all players involved.

It was agreed that a handbook on the specific
approach and methods for organic agriculture
research would be useful.  Such a handbook should
cover items such as methods and training for
on-farm research and comparable methodologies
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The group acknowledged that the starting point for soil fertility
management should remain flexible. In poor and depleted soils,
there will be need to amend the soil above minimum levels of NPK
and micro-elements, and eventually to balance pH. In tropical
conditions, nutrient management involves enhancing processes that
mobilise available nutrients and  induce slow mineralization.
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Organic agriculture is an increasingly important part of the agriculture sector. Its environmental and economic benefits have
captured the attention of many countries. Consumer demand for organically produced food and fibres products - and society's
demand for more sustainable development - provide new opportunities for farmers and businesses around the world.
It also presents new challenges for FAO. In particular, member countries need advice and information on the potential of organic
agriculture to contribute to sustainability in order to direct research, extension efforts, and tap national and international market
opportunities.
Organic agriculture:
•        offers the opportunity to discover, through traditional knowledge and modern science blending, new and innovative
production technologies;
•        provides market opportunities;
•        promotes the national and international public debate on sustainability by creating awareness of environmental and social
concerns that merit attention.
FAO has the responsibility to give organic agriculture a legitimate place within sustainable agriculture programmes and to assist
member countries in their efforts to respond to farmer and consumer demand in this sector.
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German Agriculture Goes Green
CBC Newsworld Newscast, 11 January 2001
German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder says it’s time for Europe to turn away from factory farms, and get back to nature. In a
response to the country’s BSE crisis, Schröder said Wednesday, ‘We have to produce what is healthy, not just what can be sold.’
He backed up his words with action, choosing a member of the Green Party (Renate Kuenast) as his new Agriculture Minister,
giving her sweeping new powers: the responsibility for farming policies as well as for consumer protection and safety.
Germany’s Agriculture and Health Ministers resigned (two days prior to this announcement) over accusations that they mishandled
the BSE crisis. The Ministers admitted being complacent about the dangers of the disease.

A As part of a major project for its fiftieth anniversary year the Soil Association is coordinating a comprehensive research
programme into the costs of modern food production systems in the UK. This will:
1. Undertake a review of the external costs of agriculture in the key areas of: Health, Environment, Social (including employment),
Animal Welfare, and Developing Countries;
2. Apply appropriate mechanisms that will allow these external costs to be reflected in economic terms;
3. Propose a policy framework for agriculture that will ensure that both the real costs associated with food production are reflected
in the price of food, and that public expenditure is effectively directed towards the encouragement of more benign forms of
agriculture.
Keep Chemicals Off Your Plate
Many pesticides approved for use by the EPA were registered long before extensive research linking these chemicals to cancer
and other diseases had been established. Now the EPA considers 60 percent of all herbicides, 90 percent of all fungicides, and 30
percent of all insecticides carcinogenic. A 1987 National Academy of Sciences report estimated that pesticides might cause an
extra 4 million cancer cases among Americans, The bottom line is that pesticides are poisons designed to kill living organisms
and can also harm humans. In addition to cancer, pesticides are implicated in birth defects, nerve damage and genetic mutations.
Acres, Evaluation the Pitfalls of Chemical Fertilizers-Synthetics in Agriculture.
Protect Farm Workers
A National Cancer Institute study found that farmers exposed to herbicides had six times more risk than non-farmers of contracting
cancer. In California, reported pesticide poisonings indicate farm workers suffer the highest rates of occupational illness in the
state. Farm worker health is also a serious problem in developing nations, where pesticides use may be poorly regulated. Acres,
Evaluating the Pitfalls of Chemical Fertilizers.
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