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- Negative Sentences
Nicht and kein are forms of negation, but nicht means not and kein means no, not
a, or not any. Kein is used to negate nouns that either have no articles or are
preceded by the indefinite article.
Ist das eine Kusine? Is that a cousin?
Nein, das ist keine Kusine. No, that's not a cousin.
Nicht negates nouns preceded by a definite article or a possessive adjective; or it
could negate any part (verb, noun, adjective) or all of a sentence. Nicht always
follows the verb, but usually precedes the part of the sentence to be negated It.
you want to negate an entire sentence, nicht comes last. Nicht also follows
expressions of time.
Das ist meine Frau. That's my wife.
Das ist nicht meine Frau. That's not my wife.
Heute ist es kalt. It is cold today.
Heute ist es nicht kalt. It is not cold today.
Modal Verbs
German has 6 of them. They express an attitude about an action or condition
described by the main verb. The modal auxiliary is conjugated and placed
where the verb should be. The main verb is in the infinitive form and
at the end of the sentence.
Ich kann eine Fahrkarte kaufen. ( I can buy a ticket)
Kann is the conjugated auxiliary verb and kaufen is the main verb in infinitive form.
können - to be able to müssen - to have to dürfen - to be allowed to
kann können muß müssen darf dürfen
kannst könnt mußt müsst darfst dürft
kann können muß müssen darf dürfen
Note: Nicht müssen translates to do not have to or do not need to. Nicht dürfen
translates to must not.
Du mußt es nicht machen - is you don't have to do it.
Du darfst es nicht machen - is you must not (or are not allowed) to do it.
sollen - to ought to wollen - to want mögen - to like
soll sollen will wollen mag mögen
sollst sollt willst wollt magst mögt
soll sollen will wollen mag mögen
Subjunctive of mögen
möchte möchten
möchtest möchtet
möchte möchten
Note: This subjunctive of mögen expresses would like to and is used more often
than the indicative of mögen.
Ich möchte eine Fahrkarte kaufen means I would like to buy a ticket.
Conjugating Regular verbs
To conjugate means to give the different forms of a verb depending on the
subject. English only has two regular conjugations in the present tense,
no ending and -s ending (I, you, we, they run vs. he/she/it runs). Refer back to
the subject pronouns and the conjugations of to be and to have. The following
table is in the same format. To form regular verbs in German, take off the -en
ending and add these endings:
-e -en
-st -t
-t -en
Regular Verbs
kaufen-to buy arbeiten-to work besuchen-to visit
passieren-to happen sitzen-to sit helfen-to help
bleiben-to remain, stay verdienen - to earn (money) stehen-to stand
lernen-to learn brauchen-to need verstehen-to understand
sagen-to say rufen-to call fliegen-to fly
gewinnen-to win liegen-to lay lehren-to teach
suchen-to look for verlieren-to lose gehen-to go
stecken-to put schreiben-to write benutzen-to use
fragen-to ask finden-to find laufen-to run
erlauben-to permit machen-to make denken-to think
lieben-to love rennen-to run kommen-to come
glauben-to believe, think dauern-to last schlafen-to sleep
schwimmen-to swim wünschen-to wish, desire antworten-to answer
treffen-to meet tanzen-to dance essen-to eat
bezahlen-to pay for ziehen-to move beginnen-to begin
trinken-to drink entdecken-to discover sehen-to see
reisen-to travel singen-to sing erfinden-to invent
vergessen-to forget studieren-to study fischen-to fish
ergänzen-to complete waschen-to wash rauchen-to smoke
sparen-to save (money) warten-to wait kennen-to know (people)
erzählen-to tell trennen-to separate wischen-to wipe
bekommen-to get versprechen-to promise winken-to wave
English has three ways of expressing the present tense, such as I run, I am
running, I do run. All three of these tenses are translated as one tense in
German (ich laufe.) However, you can add gerade after the verb to indicate the
progressive form.
Ich mache meine Hausaufgaben can be translated as I do my homework or I'm
doing my homework. Ich mache gerade meine Hausaufgaben is translated
as I'm doing my homework.
Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs express an action that reciprocates back to the subject.
In other words, whoever is speaking is doing an action to himself. Examples
in English would be: I wash myself, he hurts himself, we hate ourselves.
Usually the -self words are a clue in English, however there are more reflexive
verbs in German than in English.
Reflexive Pronouns
Accusative Dative
mich uns mir uns
dich euch dir euch
sich sich sich sich
The reflexive pronoun follows the verb and agrees with the subject. When
a clause contains another object besides the reflexive pronoun, then the
reflexive pronoun is in the dative case since the other object is in the
accusative case. This is when you use the dative reflexive pronouns instead
of the accusative ones.
Accusative: Ich fühle mich nicht wohl - I don't feel well.
Dative: Ich ziehe mir den Mantel aus - I'm taking off my coat.
Also note that parts of the body and articles of clothing use the definite
article, not a possessive.
Reflexive Verbs
sich ärgern to get angry sich aufregen to get excited
sich ausruhen to rest sich erkälten to catch a cold
sich freuen to be happy sich (wohl) fühlen to feel (well)
sich hinlegen to lie down sich anziehen to get dressed
sich verletzen to get hurt sich ausziehen to get undressed
sich beeilen to hurry sich setzen to sit down
sich erholen to relax sich vorstellen to imagine
Reflexive Verbs + Accusative:
sich ärgern über to be angry at/about
sich erinnern an to remember
sich freuen über to happy about
sich gewöhnen an to get used to
sich kümmern um to take care of
sich interessieren für to be interested in
sich verlieben in to fall in love with
Reflexive Verbs + Dative:
sich erkundigen nach to ask about
sich fürchten vor to be afraid of
| Regular and Reflexive Verbs In German. Negative and regular and reflexive verbs are important part of German grammar. By learning these verbs in different uses, you have a very good possibilities during speaking. |
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