SCANDISK
(External)
SCANDISK [d: [d: . . .]|/all][/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/surface][/mono][/nosummay]
SCANDISK volume-name[/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/mono][/nosummary]
SCANDISK /fragment [d:][path]filename
SCANDISK /undo [undo-d:][/mono]
Starts the Microsoft ScanDisk program which is a disk analysis and repair tool used to check a drive for errors
and correct any problems that it finds.
SELECT
(External)
SELECT [d:] [d:][path] [country code][keyboard code]
Formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes (starting with DOS Version 6, this
command is no longer available).
SET
(Internal)
SET (string1)=(string2)
Inserts strings into the command environment. The set values can be used later by programs.
SETVER
(External)
SETVER [d:]:path][filename (number)][/delete][/quiet]
Displays the version table and sets the version of DOS that is reported to programs.
SHARE
(External)
SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks]
Installs support for file sharing and file locking.
SHELL
(Internal)
SHELL=[d:][path]filename [parameters]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the command interpreter that DOS should use.
SHIFT
(Internal)
SHIFT
Increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.
SORT
(External)
SORT [/R][/+n] < (filename)
SORT [/R][/+n] > (filename2)
Sorts input and sends it to the screen or to a file.
STACKS
(Internal)
STACKS=(number),(size)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the number of stack frames and the size of each stack frame.
SUBMENU
(Internal)
SUBMENU=blockname, [menutext]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to create a multilevel menu from which you can select start-up options.
SUBST
(External)
SUBST d: d:path
SUBST d: /D
Substitutes a virtual drive letter for a path designation.
SWITCHES
(Internal)
SWITCHES= [/K][/F][/N][/W]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to configure DOS in a special way; for example, to tell DOS to emulate different
hardware configurations.
SYS
(External)
SYS [source] d:
Transfers the operating system files to another disk.
TIME
(Internal)
TIME hh:mm[:ss][.cc][A|P]
Displays current time setting of system clock and provides a way for you to reset the time.
TREE
(External)
TREE [d:][path] [/A][/F]
Displays directory paths and (optionally) files in each subdirectory.
TYPE
(Internal)
TYPE [d:][path]filename
Displays the contents of a file.
UNDELETE
(External)
UNDELETE [d:][path][filename] [/DT|/DS|/DOS]
UNDELETE [/list|/all|/purge[d:]|/status|/load|/U|/S[d:]|/Td:[-entries]]
Restores files deleted with the DELETE command.
UNFORMAT
(External)
UNFORMAT d: [/J][/L][/test][/partn][/P][/U]
Used to undo the effects of formatting a disk.
VER
(Internal)
VER
Displays the DOS version number.
VERIFY
(Internal)
VERIFY on|off
Turns on the verify mode; the program checks all copying operations to assure that files are copied correctly.
VOL
(Internal)
VOL [d:]
Displays a disk's volume label.
VSAFE
(External)
VSAFE [/option[+|-]...] [/NE][/NX][Ax|/Cx] [/N][/D][/U]
VSAFE is a memory-resident program that continuously monitors your computer for viruses and displays a
warning when it finds one.
XCOPY
(External)
XCOPY [d:][path]filename [d:][path][filename] [/A][/D:(date)] [/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W][Y\-Y]
Copies directories, subdirectories, and files.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax Notes
To be functional, each DOS command must be entered in a particular way: this command entry structure is known
as the command's "syntax." The syntax "notation" is a way to reproduce the command syntax in print.
For example, you can determine the items that are optional, by looking for information that is printed inside
square brackets. The notation [d:], for example, indicates an optional drive designation. The command syntax, on
the other hand, is how YOU enter the command to make it work.
Command Syntax Elements
1. Command Name
The DOS command name is the name you enter to start the DOS program (a few of the DOS commands can be
entered using shortcut names). The DOS command name is always entered first. In this book, the command is
usually printed in uppercase letters, but you can enter command names as either lowercase or uppercase or a
mix of both.
2. Space
Always leave a space after the command name.
3. Drive Designation
The drive designation (abbreviated in this book as "d:") is an option for many DOS commands. However, some
commands are not related to disk drives and therefore do not require a drive designation. Whenever you enter a
DOS command that deals with disk drives and you are already working in the drive in question, you do not have to
enter the drive designator. For example, if you are working in drive A (when the DOS prompt A> is showing at the
left side of the screen) and you want to use the DIR command to display a directory listing of that same drive, you
do not have to enter the drive designation. If you do not enter a drive designation, DOS always assumes you are
referring to the drive you are currently working in (sometimes called the "default" drive).
4. A Colon
When referring to a drive in a DOS command, you must always follow the drive designator with a colon (:) (this is
how DOS recognizes it as a drive designation).
5. Pathname
A pathname (path) refers to the path you want DOS to follow in order to act on the DOS command. As described
in Chapter 3, it indicates the path from the current directory or subdirectory to the files that are to be acted upon.
6. Filename
A filename is the name of a file stored on disk. As described in Chapter 1, a filename can be of eight or fewer
letters or other legal characters.
7. Filename Extension
A filename extension can follow the filename to further identify it. The extension follows a period and can be of
three or fewer characters. A filename extension is not required.
8. Switches
Characters shown in a command syntax that are represented by a letter or number and preceded by a forward
slash (for example, "/P") are command options (sometimes known as "switches"). Use of these options activate
special operations as part of a DOS command's functions.
9. Brackets
Items enclosed in square brackets are optional; in other words, the command will work in its basic form without
entering the information contained inside the brackets.
10. Ellipses
Ellipses (...) indicate that an item in a command syntax can be repeated as many times as needed.
11. Vertical Bar
When items are separated by a vertical bar (|), it means that you enter one of the separated items. For example:
ON | OFF means that you can enter either ON or OFF, but not both.
(External)
SCANDISK [d: [d: . . .]|/all][/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/surface][/mono][/nosummay]
SCANDISK volume-name[/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/mono][/nosummary]
SCANDISK /fragment [d:][path]filename
SCANDISK /undo [undo-d:][/mono]
Starts the Microsoft ScanDisk program which is a disk analysis and repair tool used to check a drive for errors
and correct any problems that it finds.
SELECT
(External)
SELECT [d:] [d:][path] [country code][keyboard code]
Formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes (starting with DOS Version 6, this
command is no longer available).
SET
(Internal)
SET (string1)=(string2)
Inserts strings into the command environment. The set values can be used later by programs.
SETVER
(External)
SETVER [d:]:path][filename (number)][/delete][/quiet]
Displays the version table and sets the version of DOS that is reported to programs.
SHARE
(External)
SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks]
Installs support for file sharing and file locking.
SHELL
(Internal)
SHELL=[d:][path]filename [parameters]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the command interpreter that DOS should use.
SHIFT
(Internal)
SHIFT
Increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.
SORT
(External)
SORT [/R][/+n] < (filename)
SORT [/R][/+n] > (filename2)
Sorts input and sends it to the screen or to a file.
STACKS
(Internal)
STACKS=(number),(size)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the number of stack frames and the size of each stack frame.
SUBMENU
(Internal)
SUBMENU=blockname, [menutext]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to create a multilevel menu from which you can select start-up options.
SUBST
(External)
SUBST d: d:path
SUBST d: /D
Substitutes a virtual drive letter for a path designation.
SWITCHES
(Internal)
SWITCHES= [/K][/F][/N][/W]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to configure DOS in a special way; for example, to tell DOS to emulate different
hardware configurations.
SYS
(External)
SYS [source] d:
Transfers the operating system files to another disk.
TIME
(Internal)
TIME hh:mm[:ss][.cc][A|P]
Displays current time setting of system clock and provides a way for you to reset the time.
TREE
(External)
TREE [d:][path] [/A][/F]
Displays directory paths and (optionally) files in each subdirectory.
TYPE
(Internal)
TYPE [d:][path]filename
Displays the contents of a file.
UNDELETE
(External)
UNDELETE [d:][path][filename] [/DT|/DS|/DOS]
UNDELETE [/list|/all|/purge[d:]|/status|/load|/U|/S[d:]|/Td:[-entries]]
Restores files deleted with the DELETE command.
UNFORMAT
(External)
UNFORMAT d: [/J][/L][/test][/partn][/P][/U]
Used to undo the effects of formatting a disk.
VER
(Internal)
VER
Displays the DOS version number.
VERIFY
(Internal)
VERIFY on|off
Turns on the verify mode; the program checks all copying operations to assure that files are copied correctly.
VOL
(Internal)
VOL [d:]
Displays a disk's volume label.
VSAFE
(External)
VSAFE [/option[+|-]...] [/NE][/NX][Ax|/Cx] [/N][/D][/U]
VSAFE is a memory-resident program that continuously monitors your computer for viruses and displays a
warning when it finds one.
XCOPY
(External)
XCOPY [d:][path]filename [d:][path][filename] [/A][/D:(date)] [/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W][Y\-Y]
Copies directories, subdirectories, and files.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax Notes
To be functional, each DOS command must be entered in a particular way: this command entry structure is known
as the command's "syntax." The syntax "notation" is a way to reproduce the command syntax in print.
For example, you can determine the items that are optional, by looking for information that is printed inside
square brackets. The notation [d:], for example, indicates an optional drive designation. The command syntax, on
the other hand, is how YOU enter the command to make it work.
Command Syntax Elements
1. Command Name
The DOS command name is the name you enter to start the DOS program (a few of the DOS commands can be
entered using shortcut names). The DOS command name is always entered first. In this book, the command is
usually printed in uppercase letters, but you can enter command names as either lowercase or uppercase or a
mix of both.
2. Space
Always leave a space after the command name.
3. Drive Designation
The drive designation (abbreviated in this book as "d:") is an option for many DOS commands. However, some
commands are not related to disk drives and therefore do not require a drive designation. Whenever you enter a
DOS command that deals with disk drives and you are already working in the drive in question, you do not have to
enter the drive designator. For example, if you are working in drive A (when the DOS prompt A> is showing at the
left side of the screen) and you want to use the DIR command to display a directory listing of that same drive, you
do not have to enter the drive designation. If you do not enter a drive designation, DOS always assumes you are
referring to the drive you are currently working in (sometimes called the "default" drive).
4. A Colon
When referring to a drive in a DOS command, you must always follow the drive designator with a colon (:) (this is
how DOS recognizes it as a drive designation).
5. Pathname
A pathname (path) refers to the path you want DOS to follow in order to act on the DOS command. As described
in Chapter 3, it indicates the path from the current directory or subdirectory to the files that are to be acted upon.
6. Filename
A filename is the name of a file stored on disk. As described in Chapter 1, a filename can be of eight or fewer
letters or other legal characters.
7. Filename Extension
A filename extension can follow the filename to further identify it. The extension follows a period and can be of
three or fewer characters. A filename extension is not required.
8. Switches
Characters shown in a command syntax that are represented by a letter or number and preceded by a forward
slash (for example, "/P") are command options (sometimes known as "switches"). Use of these options activate
special operations as part of a DOS command's functions.
9. Brackets
Items enclosed in square brackets are optional; in other words, the command will work in its basic form without
entering the information contained inside the brackets.
10. Ellipses
Ellipses (...) indicate that an item in a command syntax can be repeated as many times as needed.
11. Vertical Bar
When items are separated by a vertical bar (|), it means that you enter one of the separated items. For example:
ON | OFF means that you can enter either ON or OFF, but not both.
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